Input Format

The first line contains an integer, , the number of test cases.
Each of the  subsequent lines defines a test case as  space-separated integers,  and , respectively.

Constraints

Output Format

For each test case, print the maximum possible value of  on a new line.

Sample Input

3
5 2
8 5
2 2

Sample Output

1
4
0

Explanation

 

All possible values of  and  are:

The maximum possible value of  that is also  is , so we print  on a new line.


Solution:

import math
import os
import random
import re
import sys



def cal(n,k):
    max1=0
    a=n
    b=k-1
    for a in range(n,2,-1):
        if(a==b):
            continue
        if((a&b)>max1):
            max1=a&b
    return max1 

if __name__ == '__main__':
    t = int(input())

    for t_itr in range(t):
        nk = input().split()

        n = int(nk[0])

        k = int(nk[1])
        print(cal(n,k))